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European guns started an arms race among Indian groups. Tribes with ties to Europeans had a distinct advantage in wars with other tribes because muskets were so much more effective than bows and arrows.
Native weapons changed dramatically as well, creating an arms race among the peoples living in European colonization zones. Indians refashioned European brassware into arrow points and turned axes used for chopping wood into weapons.
The Jesuits were a group of Catholic missionaries who came to New France in order to convert the Aboriginals to Christianity.
Christianity was the religion followed by most Europeans.
This great link has loads of information on the Fur Trade. Topics include New France, Champlain and the Anishinabe People; Voyageurs & Coureurs-des-bois; beaver hats; the life of a Voyageur; and the beginning of the Metis People
Granted by King Charles II of England on May 2, 1670, the Royal Charter gave an exclusive trading monopoly over the entire Hudson Bay drainage basin to “the Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson Bay.”
HBC’s York Factory, located on the Hayes River in northern Manitoba, operated from 1684 until 1957. This location was one of the most important posts and distribution points for HBC throughout the fur trade era.
This link is about trade alliances between First Nations and Europeans. Subjects covered are beads, competition and warfare, alliances and epidemics.
First Nations Relationships with European Traders
Imagine the reactions of sub-Arctic First Nations peoples that first time they met Europeans in the 1600s. Click on the image.
Intermarriage
In the 18th century, many of the British Hudson’s Bay officers took First Nations women, particularly Cree women, as their companions. These women lived part of the time with their Cree families and part of the time at the fort with officers. Through these interactions, a large community of Métis Cree children grew up around the forts.
Copyright 2009 Inuit Heritage Trust Web 2018
Marriage 'à la façon du pays' refers to the practice of common-law marriage between European fur traders and aboriginal or Métis women in the North American fur trade
Métis women were integral to the fur trade. They were sought after as marriage partners for fur trade managers because of their kinship ties to local First Nations and Métis. Some English Métis women, known as “Country Born,” married high-ranking officials and became members of the “Red River aristocracy.”
cited from Indigenous People's Atlas of Canada https://indigenouspeoplesatlasofcanada.ca/article/fur-trade/
Fur Trade Weddings
There were no priests or ministers in the Northwest to officiate at weddings until 1818. Before then, most men married according to Native custom (à la façon du pays). Daniel Harmon's journal describes such a fur trade wedding that took place in December 1801. Click HERE
Epidemics
When Europeans began arriving on the shores of the Americas, the epidemic diseases they brought with them set off one of the largest depopulations in human history. Click on the image.
Introduction of disease - Khan Academy
Perhaps the single greatest impact of European colonization on the North American environment was the introduction of disease. Microbes to which native inhabitants had no immunity caused sickness and death everywhere Europeans settled. Along the New England coast between 1616 and 1618, epidemics claimed the lives of 75 percent of the native people. Click on the image.
Hudson's Bay Company Historical Foundation.- The Canoe (Click on image)
Without the canoe Canada's founding industry, the fur trade, could not have developed. "Made of birchbark and cedar and held together with tree roots and tar, the canoes used by the French pedlars and their HBC [Hudson's Bay Company] rivals ranged from forty-foot freighters to swift, small vessels used to carry VIPs from post to post."
Newman, Peter c, (2002) An illustrated history of Hudson's Bay Company.Toronto, ON. Penguin Books p.108
Suggested Search Terms for Destiny
Elder, shaman, wampum, pictograph, missionary, charter, coureur de bois, seigneur, Filles du Roi, Abenaki, Algonkin, Haudenosaunee, Ojibwe, Ottawa, Potawatomie, Wendat, Weskarini, Beothuk, Innu, Mi'kmaq, Passamaquoddy, Wolastiqiyik
Inspiration software
Don't forget the Inspiration software found on all UCDSB computers.
This program is for visual learning:
graphic organizers, concept mapping, mind mapping, outlining, webbing, and plots and graphs.
Use this checklist to help you cite your sources!
Alone in an Untamed Land by Young Hélène St. Onge and her older sister Catherine are orphans. When King Louis XVI orders all men in New France to marry, Catherine becomes a fille du roi, one of the many young women sent to the new world as brides. Hélène will accompany her on the long sea voyage and live with her sister's new family. But Catherine dies during the grueling journey, and Hélène finds herself alone in a strange new country. New France is a far harsher place than she imagined, with bitter winters and the threat of attack from the Iroquois. Will the few friendships she has made on her long voyage enable her to survive?
New France by Meet some of the brave men and women who first settled the New World and helped found the colony of New France - Cartier, Marie La Tour, La Salle and Madeleine de Vercheres. Find out how they worked, dressed, ate and survived in their adopted land. Read about the King's Daughters, who came over from Europe on Bride's Ships, and about the powerful seigneurs, who ruled vast domains along the St. Lawrence River.
First Peoples and First Contacts by This book takes the reader follows early European explorers and Aboriginal people as they criss-cross the country searching for furs, trade routes, and adventure.
Where the river takes me--The Hudson's Bay Company Diary of Jenna Sinclair by Young Jenna Sinclair yearns for more adventure and freedom than the rules of mid-1800's HBC society allows. Read her posts to her HBC diary and find out what life was like inside a fort during the mid-1800's.
